My Diet Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Diet Analysis - Essay Example At long last, I understood my vitality use was essentially more than my calorie consumption. This gave me space to upgrade my eating routine to join more nutritional categories. II. In light of my unique multi day food log real versus suggested report there were various supplements in my eating regimen that I devoured not exactly or equivalent to 75% of the suggested every day consumption. Among these supplements in the calories classification included generally calorie utilization (38%), calories from fat (23%), and calories from immersed fat (15%). Different supplements that fell inside this assigned range included starches, sugar, and dietary fiber. As far as fats there were a number that fell beneath this suggested go. These included immersed fat, mono fat, and poly fat. Different supplements included cholesterol, water, nutrient A, nutrient B1, nutrient B6, nutrient D, and nutrient E. Notwithstanding these supplements beneath the suggested day by day consumption, there was one s upplement †sodium †of which I devoured over 125% of my suggested day by day admission. There are various ways that the nourishments wherein I don’t meet the suggested admission, too my overconsumption of sodium can unfavorably influence my wellbeing. Regarding my sodium utilization I am in danger of hypertension and coronary illness (Farfan). As far as the nourishments I am insufficient in there are various ailments and dangers I face. ... As far as sugars I chance encountering low vitality levels. As far as fiber lack I face assimilation issues. At long last, as far as my fat inadequacies I face the danger of skin, fingernail, and even menstrual issues. III. There were a large number of nourishments wherein my suggested day by day admission was underneath. In considering three nourishments that are planned for satisfying these necessities, I endeavored to discover nourishments wealthy in a significant number of supplements I was inadequate in. As I was lacking in a large number of the nutrient B classes, I understand that I should add bananas and vegetables to my eating routine as they would improve both nutrient B1 and B6 utilization (Daniellson). In meeting my monosaturated fat admission I could devour progressively olive oil with my primary suppers. As the main supplement that I expended over the suggested day by day admission of was sodium, three nourishments that I could expel from my eating routine to bring down my sodium consumption incorporate saltines, fish, and burgers; likewise I could constrain my general utilization of salt (Iannelli, 2010). IV. When contrasting my unique food log and my made up menus there were various components I saw that varied between the two food logs. One of the most inescapable contrasts I saw between the two nourishments logs was that in the made up menu the carbohydrate level was reliably higher in the made up menus. It’s clear this is a component of not having the option to keep up a reasonable eating regimen in light of an assortment of elements identified with day by day duties. As far as explicit enhancements I accept that a portion of the significant upgrades noted were the consistency in dinners. In such matters, the made up menus all the more reliably contained nourishments from the suggested food classifications. For example, these menus reliably contained a

No Teaching without Learning free essay sample

This paper analyzes the inquiry in the case of showing is conceivable without learning. This paper inspects state funded instruction frameworks and the requirement for compelling educating. It expresses that instruction and the way toward procuring it's anything but a basic educate learn process. The creator utilizes the standards of Paulo Freire, who announces that it is progressively imperative to realize that instruction isn't just training others yet it is likewise a procedure through which one learns. The paper portrays that the difficulty isn't the ability to adapt however it is the national instruction frameworks that have modernized and have coordinated an excessive amount of internationalized instructive modules to the way of life character. Training changes in the advanced age has become a way to battle against time. For the Latin American particularly, the battle was among conservatism and progressivism. A country torn by its old roots and the craving to participate with cutting edge progressivism, the individuals are still in unrest whether acknowledgment of innovation is the best way to accomplish their objective. We will compose a custom exposition test on No Teaching without Learning or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The underlying driver is natural in the methodology the individuals takes. In spite of picking up autonomy in a few regions, state funded training and its creation is as yet questionable among the upper class just as the legislature. Advocates for instruction like Paulo Freire, pronounce that it is increasingly essential to realize that training isn't just encouraging others however it is additionally a procedure through which one learns too.

Makers @ MIT

Makers @ MIT President Obama has proclaimed today National Day of Making, an opportunity to recognize and encourage a new generation of makers and manufacturers to share their talents and hone their skills. As part of the celebration, the President is hosting an inaugural White House Maker Faire, where more than 100 technically creative folks from all over the country will showcase things theyve made. A tremendous number of individuals and organizations have come together to support the National Day of Making through efforts, initiatives, and announcements, including: Kickstarter, which is today launching a new funding category specifically for Makerspaces 3D Systems, The Coca-Cola Company, and will.i.am, who are providing more than 1,500 3D printers and kits as part of a drive to ensure that all 3,000 FIRST Robotics Teams have access to 3D printing equipment Chevron, which is announcing a $10 million commitment to the Fab Foundation with plans to support the creation of 10 new community fabrication labs, or FabLabs, led by MIT Professor Neil Gershenfeld A FabLab being driven onto the White House grounds yesterday (photo by Neil Gershenfeld) Among the various initiatives announced today is a joint letter to President Obama from more than 150 colleges describing how they support makers on their campuses. MITs contribution includes a letter from its President Rafael Reif enclosing a  white paper coauthored by myself and my colleague Dawn Wendell, a Senior Lecturer in Course 2 (and former admissions officer / blogger). The purpose of our report was to canvass everything MIT does to support makers on its campus, from the admissions process (like our Maker Portfolio which we offer through the great folks over at Slideroom), to the academic enterprise (with product based classes and cool research opportunities), to student life and culture (where students build unicycles in their dorms and hack all night). One of the most fascinating things I discovered in the course of writing this paper was the incredible depth of making here at MIT. I learned that the MIT model was, from its inception, considered a radically new form of education, one which united practical facility with theoretical understanding. I learned that when William Barton Rogers founded MIT in order to help promote the useful arts, the arts is short for artisanship, as in artisan, as in skilled craft. I learned that, as far back as 1919, MIT President Richard McLaurin told Technology Review something which rings as true today as it did then: As part of our research, we surveyed all MIT undergraduates, asking them various questions about making at MIT. Of those who responded, 78% said MITs reputation for making made them more likely to enroll; 85% have taken or intend to take a class where they will be required to make something for a final project or product; and 64% reported they made things in their dorms or independent living groups, in their bedrooms, lounges, and unused bike storage spaces. Undergraduates consistently credit a strong community and culture as one of the aspects of MIT that best supports their making. As one respondent put it, being surrounded by people working on interesting projects makes me want to join the party. If you dont know how to do something theres usually someone around who can help. Their responses and stories reaffirm that MIT’s culture of making is reproduced and reinforced by student traditions and activities that celebrate the value of creating beautiful, useful, ingenious and/or i nteresting things. As we concluded: It is important to understand that the tradition of making now so fundamentally identified with MIT was not inevitable, but rather contingent, a consequence of many interlocking choices over time. MIT did not set out to invent this culture; rather, the institution and the culture emerged and evolved together. A sufficient number of students, their creative and technical inclinations reinforced by community rituals and enabled by a comparatively open academic and physical infrastructure, have, with their minds and hands, knit together a strong common culture that now both supports and drives their making moving forward. In this respect MIT intends for its future to be as bright as its past. Im proud to have helped support #NationOfMakers through this paper, and prouder still to work at an institution full of incredible people who so vigorously inspire and assist other people in their making. If, like me, youre the sort of person who likes making things, and/or if you like people who make things, this is a pretty great place to be.

Client ­ Centered Therapy Is Developed By Psychologist...

Overview of Theory Client ­Centered Therapy was developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 20 th century. â€Å"Rogers is seen by many as one of the foundational thinkers in the development of human psychology, even as one of the most generally influential psychologists of the 20th century† (DR. DIETZ’S BOOK) It is a descriptive theory focused on the relationships between practitioner and client rather than prescriptive theory telling the practitioner what to do. The central ideas to the client ­centered theory were not new when Rogers introduced them. Mary Richmond was the first person to acknowledge the importance of the qualities in practitioners when interacting with clients. Rogers originally called his technique non ­directive therapy as his goal was to be as non ­directive as possible. He eventually realized that this was impossible as clients often look to practitioners for some sort of guidance or direction. Rogers believed that people have the ability to become the best people that they can be with a desire to fulfill their potential. INSERT ROBERT’S SECTION HERE Presence in Social Work Rogers’ client ­centered therapy has been around for approximately sixty years and continues to have a presence today in the social work community. At the time of it’s discovery, it reaffirmed familiar social work principles while positively impacting social work practice and education (DR. DIETZ’S BOOK). In the social work practice it is still highly recommended that in order to be anShow MoreRelatedHistory and Theory Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Theory The viewpoints if Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have similarities and differences. Both have made significant contribution to the psychology field. The theories from Freud and Rogers are still used in modern psychology. Freud is best known for creating psychoanalysis and Rogers is renowned for developing the person-centered therapy. The subject of this paper pertains to Freud’s and Rogers’ views of their respective theories, how different their theories would beRead More Roger’s Theory as compared to that of Ellis’ Theory Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesd) states, â€Å"Carl Rogers, a pioneering psychotherapist and the most influential psychologist in American history was one of the most prominent people of his time.† Rogers’ ideas and practices brought about a change in the school of humanistic psychology. What he learned in philosophy and philosophy of education influenced his personal life experiences which led him to a revolutionary of theory of therapy (Corsini, 2011 p. 148). According to an electrical resource, Client –centered therapy is a formRead MorePerson Centered Therapy : A Type Of Therapeutic Approach Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches to how and what therapies are best to use when treating a range of clients. Freud, Erickson, Maslow, and Carl Rogers are some of the few that recognized an importance in a type of therapeutic approach. However, while each man has their own different take on therapeutic approach, the main thing that is unavoidable between them all is that the beginning of healing starts with self. Person Centered Therapy Person Centered Therapy, also recognized as client centered therapy promotes an improvedRead MoreComparing Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered Psychology1735 Words   |  7 Pagesand Person-Centered Psychology The counseling profession has a broad spectrum of possibilities when it comes to choosing which psychological approach to take. The field of counseling takes many forms and offers many career options, from school counseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered PsychologyRead MoreCarl Rogers : A Humanistic Approach1295 Words   |  6 PagesBeing self-centered refers to a person who is obsessed and preoccupied with his or her own affairs. This attitude comes across as a person most individuals would not want to encounter, yet there are some psychologists such as Carl Rogers, who believe that people needed to be self-centered. As a result he created what is known today as the self-centered theory. Carl Rogers believed that being self-centered is essential to the client’s personal growth of self-esteem. Rogers’s theory can be broken downRead MorePsychodynamic Psychotherapy And Person Centered Psychology Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagescounseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered Psychology, will be critically analyzed and discussed in depth in order to compare the techniques as well as effectiveness of each. Foundation of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy was developed by Sigmund Freud during the VictorianRead MoreMy Integrative Counseling Theory Proposal Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"My Integrative Counseling Theory Proposal† Monica Blount Point University Abstract This paper will examine the theories of two prominent Psychologist; Carl Roger and Aaron Beck. Cognitive Behavior Therapy was developed by Aaron Beck who believed that individuals ‘were a by product of their environment. Person Center Therapy understand that people can use their strengths and resources to solve their own problems. This paper will describe how these two models can be used to integrate therapeuticRead MoreHumanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers1617 Words   |  7 Pages Humanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine â€Æ' Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theoriesRead MoreThe School Of Thought And The Field Of Psychology1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthe field of psychology Carl Roger’s central contribution to the field of psychology involved his theory of personality. This theory was unique with the capability to be applied in various domains of helping professions including psychotherapy and counseling, education, organizations, cross-cultural relations, and other group settings (n/a, 2015). In the evolving stage of this theory, Roger’s had been frustrated with the authoritative analysis being imposed on the clients in the current therapeuticRead Moreexplore the behavioral and humanistic theory6235 Words   |  25 PagesBurrhus Fredric Skinner and John Broadus Watson and two humanistic theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. In behavioral theory, the founder of psychological behaviorism, John Watson believed that internal thinking process could not be observed; therefore, psychologists should not focus on it. An American psychologist, Burrhus Fredric Skinner social philosopher behaviorist, inventor, and author, developed the theory of Operant conditioning believed we learn new behavior through traditional or operant

The Demographics Of Mclennan County - 1237 Words

Overview PURPOSE METHOD SUMMARY HEALTH RANKING SUMMARY Community Profile DEMOGRAPHICS The demographics of McLennan County can be found in Table 1. This information shows the change in the demographics from 2010 to 2014. As can be seen by the chart, there is not a huge amount of growth, but growth nonetheless. Growth and change is expected in this county in the coming years due to new developments in the downtown area including a new stadium, which provide opportunities to live and work closer in to downtown and property values are also on the rise. The county values when compared with the state values are very similar. Table 1: Demographics McLennan County State Year 2014 2010 2014 Population 238,707 234,906 26,059,203 Below 18 years of age 25.1% 25.4% 26.8% 65 and older 12.9% 12.5% 10.9% Non-Hispanic African America 14.4% 14.8% 11.6% American Indian and Alaskan Native 1.1% 0.6% 1.0% Asian 1.5% 1.4% 4.1% Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 0.1% 18 years DSU DSU 2.5 Aged 18-44 years 12.7 16.3 17.3 Aged 45-64 years 241.8 239.2 220.5 Aged 65 years and over 1063.9 1046.7 1039.1 By Race/Ethnicity McLennan Peer Median US Median American Indian or Alaska Native DSU 194.5 181.7 Asian or Pacific Islander DSU 137.4 99.7 Black or African American 256.0 223.0 219.7 White 184.1 188.7 182.8 Hispanic or Latino 126.6 137.3 119.3 Not Hispanic or Latino 199.3 195.3 187.1 By Sex McLennan Peer Median US Median Male 237.7 245.0 228.1 Female 158.8 157.9 154.7 *DSU indicates that data doShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case Incident 1 â€Å"Lessons for ‘Undercover’ Bosses† 34 Case Incident 2 Era of the Disposable Worker? 35 vii viii CONTENTS 2 2 The Individual Diversity in Organizations 39 Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation

HIV and Aids the Past and Present Impact on the Global Level Free Essays

string(103) " the young people infected even want to help them and infected parents they are helpless and isolated\." Introduction HIV OR AIDS is a health issue concerning 36 million people around the globe and it has a devastating affect on people victimized to it. HIV is a very challenging disease both in developed and developing nation .The most adverse results of this disease is that it attacks the people in their most productive age and savages the communities, distorts the production of food and services, and place an enormous burden on the already fragile and delicate health care system of poor nations. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV and Aids: the Past and Present Impact on the Global Level or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the years of 1999 and 2000, the amount of people died in African continent due to HIV is way ahead than the total people died in all wars in the continent. The African continent being most under developed has been a major victim of HIV/AIDS since the disease got discovered. Because of AIDS, there had been sever distortion in the economy of Africa and also the life expectancy of the region has been significantly affected. It is not only an epidemic suffocating Africa, but all the continents of world are suffering hardly to combat this disease. According to (Ashford,2006)â€Å"By 2005, more than 25 million people had died and an estimated 39 million were living with HIV. An estimated 4 million people were newly infected with HIV in 2005—95percent of them in sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, or Asia†. HIV is not only a disease devastating global society, but it is also the fourth ranked fatal diseases in the world. The number of children and adults died because of this epidemic is far beyond imagination and statistics. The Origin of HIV It is a common notion among people that origin of HIV/AIDS virus is due to some natural phenomena. It is widely believed that African men contracted AIDS from some chimpanzee during hunting time. As per (Horowitz, 2002) â€Å"Key among these HIV origin theories is the so called â€Å"cut hunter theory† in which a human, allegedly African native, received a bloody wound or infected splash while preparing a chimpanzee carrying a similar virus†. But further researched ignored this concept, and accused human for the emergence of HIV and AIDS. The HIV was however, first recognized in 1981, when many gay men developed an unexplainable resistance to medication for their acquired infections and cancers. Interestingly, HIV scientifically called Human Immunodeficiency Virus progressed to become AIDS. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or otherwise called AIDS can harm the immunity of a person and can cause death of the person. Once a person have detected with HIV, then he or she in few years a victim gets AIDS. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. It is only good if the person infected with HIV in the initial stage is treated otherwise he or she can be diseased with AIDS which is fatal.â€Å"CDC estimates that about 56,000 people in the United States contracted HIV in 2006.There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2. In the United States, unless otherwise noted, the term â€Å"HIV† primarily refers to HIV-1†(NCH,2010).It can be an astonishing fact, but the origin of HIV is still in ambiguity and up to date science is engaged in study about the origin of this malicious disease. HIV Prevalence in African continent HIV is a condition over the past three decades have cause irrevocable damage to health, wellbeing and sustenance of a person. In 27 years time, HIV has killed around 25 million people and causes debilitating illness and horrifying death states to people in their prime years of life. This disease has not only caused damage to the life of a person but also caused devastation to the family and community surrounding them. Moreover it had kept a very complicated situation in front of African countries in fighting the poverty and improvement of health of their society.As per (Chao,2010,pg.41-50) â€Å"South Africa is at the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS epidemic severely affecting nearly all countries in sub Saharan Africa. South Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world†. The effect of HIV on health can show many symptoms and initial ones can be seen in the form of common cold, flu or headache. Later the victim can be found to be fatigue, and have swollen glands and rashes. The problem with HIV is that it does not have specific symptoms; hence symptoms are not a proven way to find out HIV infection. Only the HIV anti – body test can be helpful in finding out the infection clearly. It is a known fact that HIV is transmitted only through bodily fluids and not by mere physical contact. In his book (Howard,2007,pg.3)writes that â€Å"HIV is most often transmitted through sexual contact by rapidly binding in to the cells that are present in the cervical, vaginal and rectal mucosa†. In the past this disease has negatively affected the life and economy of the African continent in a significant way. It has lessened the ability of people to support and provide for their family and made the government to spend lavish amount on its treatment. The treatment and health care service providing cost itself have given a big burden to the African government which is already poor in wealth and health care system. HIV has deprived many families and societies of Africa of their house hold income .This reduced income of families and heightened costs of medication make the individuals and household poor .â€Å"Generation of young people is being decimated .Young women are in greatest peril: more than three quarters young South Africans living with HIV is female† (Karim,2010,pg.97). It is highly seen that women are at more risk of infection from HIV and cannot provide for family and children because of undulation and less social awareness. Children affected by HIV /AIDS is not less and their mostly get infected directly from their mothers. These children in African poor countries sometimes have ill parents or are orphan and get no access to education or nutrition. If the young people infected even want to help them and infected parents they are helpless and isolated. You read "HIV and Aids: the Past and Present Impact on the Global Level" in category "Essay examples" About 60% sub -Saharan African women. The very badly affected countries such as South Africa, at the age of infected men and women are around 15 to 25 years. HIV in Asia and other countries Since Asia is highly concentrated in population, the prevalence of HIV infected people is also high in this continent. The HIV in countries like India, Bangladesh, Srilanka and China are mostly seen among labor class, sex workers and illiterate people. The sex workers and their clients, drug users and those who live in unclean environment get infected by this deadly disease and as a result lose their life. According to (Steinbrook ,2007.pg.1089-1093)â€Å"India has a population of 1.1 billion people — one sixth of the world’s population — and is home to perhaps one of every eight people with HIV infection. The estimate of 5.7 million HIV-infected people in India — as compared with 5.5 million in South Africa — captured wide attention†. If in a country like India, HIV outbreaks, then it will be very difficult for government and other voluntary organizations to control it. However, HIV is found more in southern states of the country than in northern parts. Moreover China being the most populated country in the world is also not behind with HIV cases. In china HIV is mainly spread through drug use and mishandling of injecting needles. As per (Qian,2006, pg3-4)†Illicit drug abuse and HIV/AIDS have increased rapidly in the past 10 to 20 years in China. Injecting Drug Users have so far contributed to 42% of cumulatively reported HIV/AIDS cases†. Even Philippines is not backwards in HIV cases and their government is struggling hard to keep the disease away from its population. In recent years HIV as an epidemic have grown to cause disaster in developing as well as developed nations. According to Statistics around 5 million people have been affected by this disease in the year 2000 itself. For example Brazil is a country which was affected by HIV in 1980s and the Brazil government was also successful in keeping away the epidemic from people. After 2004, the epidemic was only 0.6 % among its population. And when it comes to Australia the HIV is an issue to fight for the government and they have taken compulsory steps to remove it from the country. Inhis book (Aggleton,1997,pg.12)writes that, â€Å"In Australia the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been and continues to be one which affects mainly homosexually active men, and those mostly concentrated with men who are connected to the gay communities†. When in comes to HIV, Mexico has the lowest prevalence of the epidemic in the whole world .It is also mostly seen only among the poor and the working class. It is also observed that Migrants from Mexico who reach US contract HIV and take this back to their country. From there mostly their wives catch up with infection spread to other people of the community. The main reason for the spread of HIV is unclean environment and lack of education among the people. This is the same reason it is mostly noted among the working class, sex workers and drug users of the society. Nevertheless the proportion of HIV in Mexico is way less than other countries and is the lowest in the world. Help of various channels in fighting HIV The main organization which fights for the removal of the HIV is UN, which is United Nations. It has done much effort in studying and implementing strategies to remove this dangerous disease from the face of the earth. (UN,2001)states that â€Å"Alarmed by the accelerating epidemic and its global impact, the United Nations General Assembly decided to convene a special session on human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) at the highest political level. Held in New York from 25 to 27 June 2001†In this meeting different government leader, AIDS expert and activists, private organizationsall decided various steps to fight against this problem. Apart from this, other NGOs also make much effort in fighting the disease by working in close connection with poor and uneducated sectors of their country and educating people about protective sex. There are also many social activists and voluntary and involuntary activist who work for the betterment and prevention of AIDS all around the world. On top of this the entertainment media like Television, Radio and Internet also play a very vital role in giving information to people about the bad effect of this dangerous epidemic. These entertainment channels are very useful as this reaches to nook and corner of the villages and cities and can spread the message of the dangerous characteristics of HIV/AIDS to common men. It can also be seen in recent years that celebrities too join the AIDS campaign to create awareness among people who are unaware of this disease. New medical developments to cure HIV The HIV is not only a health issue but also a social concern to the people and government all around globe. In recent years a new controversy has come up in American research area that researchers are experimenting drugs on individual of African continent. It is controversial because it is unethical to conduct experiment of innocent population of Africa. This can not only have bad impact on the health of these people but also on the economic and social welfare of the region.(SANFORD,2009)claims that â€Å"However, over the past decade the population of Africa has begun to start their own research studies and have started to create their own medications based on research and development†. The scientists have reportedly found out a medicine called VIR-576 lately which can stop the virus from invading the human cells. (Gardner,2011)states that ,â€Å"The medication, called VIR-576 for now, is still in the early phases of development. But researchers say that if it is successful, it might also circumvent the drug resistance that can undermine standard therapy.† According to medical experts this drug could be very useful as it have less medical side effects. The best part of this new drug will be that it focuses on disease when it is in the pre – invasion stage. Even the natural treatment has come up now as a very effective treatment for HIV. The Aired, which is an Indian science of treating HIV, is also a slow and forceful way of treating this disease. Another treatment is the invention of a single pill which can be taken once a day to fight against the disease.(Pollock ,2006)refers that , â€Å"The pill, which combines three drugs made by two companies, would be a milestone in improving the simplicity of treatment for the disease, experts say. It should make it easier for people to take their medicine regularly.† This drug has been revealed to be giving great relief to the HIV sufferers from a death sentence disease like HIV/AIDS. Nonetheless, three decades after the appearance of this disease there had been no major medication or treatment which could stop this from occuring.Many researchers and drug makers have been struggling to find an appropriate medicine or treatment to work against this disease. Generally speaking, without proper treatment nearly all people with infected HIV will get AIDS. So if a proper treatment is done in the initial stages of the infection, it can result in the prevention of AIDS. Today there are many antis – HIV drugs available in the market which ensure partial or full recovering of the infection. Unfortunately millions of people around the world who are infected with HIV have no access to the drugs and treatment for this disease. Many governments are struggling to provide proper treatment or medicines to HIV or Aids affected people which are a sad state to mention. It is a fact that more than 10 million of people are still waiting to get proper treatment to save their life. These people along with treatment also need sex education, nutritional support and simple treatment and less costly drugs. Conclusion HIV is a dangerous epidemic which is a threat to the entire human society. It has destructed millions of people around the world and yet more are under the grip of this disease. Since its emergence, the scientific and medical world is conducting researches and studies to find out its origin .However, they are not successful in finding out the real cause or reason behind this fatal viral infection. The treatments of this disease are very few and not very successful. The best way to prevent it is from having a healthy and safe sexual lifestyle and getting education about the disease in a detail manner. Many people in the remote regions of underdeveloped nation are ignorant and unknown about the causes and symptoms of this disease â€Å"The epidemic grip on Africa has been by far the deadliest, but no part of the world is immune.†14. The main step to be taken to fight this disease is through awakening the specific governments of all countries by United Nations and World Health Organizations in a planned way. People can only resist the disease if they have knowledge about its cause and this can be done only by the government of underdeveloped and developing nations. Bibliography Ashford, L.(2006, July 10). How hiv and aids affect populations . Retrieved from http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0002135/index.php Aggleton, P. (1997). Aids: activism and alliances . Hong Kong: Taylor Francis Chao, L. â€Å"A comparative evaluation of two interventions for educator training in Gardner, A. (2011, April 15). New drug strategy shows promise against hiv. Retrieved from http://healthfinder.gov/News/newsstory.aspx?docid=647807 HIV/AIDS in South Africa.† International Journal of Education and Development of Using ICT. 6.1 (2010): 41-50. Print Horowitz, L. (2002). The origin of aids and hiv may not be what you have learned. Retrieved from http://www.originofaids.com/ Howard, L. (2007). Hiv. U.S.A.: Versa Press. Karim, S.A. (2010). Hiv/aids in south africa . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. National Centre for HIV, . (2010, August 11). Basic information about hiv and aids. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/ Pollock, A.(2006, July 09). New medicine for aids is one pill, once a day . Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/09/health/09aids.html Qian, H.. (2006). Injection drug use and hiv/aids in china: review of current situation, prevention and policy implications. Harm Reducation Journal, 3(10), 3-4 Steinbrook, R. (2007). Hiv in india — a complex epidemic. New England Medical Journal, 356(10), 1089-1093. SANFORD . (2009). Hiv research and medical development in africa . Retrieved from http://www.sanord.org/HIV-Research-And-Medical-Development.html .UN. (2001, June 25). Special session on hiv/aids. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/development/devagenda/hiv.shtml World Bank. (2002). Education and hiv/aids: a window of hope . Washington DC: World Bank Publications How to cite HIV and Aids: the Past and Present Impact on the Global Level, Essay examples

White Rat Disection Lab Report Sample

White Rat Disection Lab Report Paper To pin the animal, we used etchers twine and secured the front and hinds legs using a lasso technique, careful not touch the sharp claws. To make the first incision had to locate the Oxford Process of the rat (distal aspect of the sternum). Once I had located the Oxford Process, I had to use forceps to pull the skin of the animals abdomen up and use the scissors to cut. The first incision is made from stem to sternum, cutting through the rectos abdomen muscle down to the groin. The second incision ion is perpendicular to the first below the diaphragm. Because of this technique we were able to open the abdominal cavity first. The third and forth incisions were made bilaterally above the legs. The last two incisions were made in upside down V shape on the collarbone, to expose the thoracic cavity. This dissection was both sharp, because of the use of the scissors and escape and blunt because of the use of the probe and forceps to move organs and skin to expose other organs not yet identified. SKIN: Yellowish in color covered with white fur, hard and stiff in texture LARYNX: Off white in color. Long tubular structure descending from the upper area (mouth) of the rat. TRACHEA: Pinkish in color, looked like a stack of cartilage rings with some space twine the rings. LUNGS: Dark reddish brown in color. It had 6 lobes. One on the left side, 2 lobes in the middle, and 3 on the right side. HEART: Located inferior to the trachea and superior the diaphragm and liver, light pink in color. It appeared to be the size of a lima bean, surrounded by a bright pink rubbery substance, said to be a ruptured blood vessel. The left and right atrium was dark brown and located at the coronal end of the heart. It appeared that there was only one ventricle which was light brown in color. AORTA: Located superiority he heart between the two atrium, was reddish n color and bean-shaped, the Even Cave was attached at the dorsal side of the ventricle, and it was blue in color with a threads appearance. SPLEEN: Located inferior to the one lobe of the liver, lateral to the stomach. It was dark brown in color, vertically lengthened, flat and smooth. We will write a custom essay sample on White Rat Disection Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on White Rat Disection Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on White Rat Disection Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer THYMUS GLAND: Located superior to the heart, surround the trachea, pinkish brown in color and bean shaped. ADRENAL GLAND: superior to the kidneys, they are small and light brown in color DIAPHRAGM: Medial area of the rat, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It was tan in color, thin, sturdy, but still quite flexible in Truckee. LIVER: Inferior to the diaphragm, dark brown with 7 lobes, three lobes on both sides with one lobe on the underside of the liver. It appeared to be the largest internal organ of the white rat. STOMACH: Beige in color, kidney bean shaped. Anterior to the liver, full to the touch as if it was filled with matter. It was 1 h vertically, and 1 h horizontally In size. DUODENUM: Connected at the top of the stomach and below to the small intestine, whitish in color with a long, flat balloonist appearance. PANCREAS: Inferior to the liver and stomach, light brown in color, the pancreas as long and its appearance resembled many different small particles held together in a single membrane. MESSENGER: Inferior to the liver, thin transparent in color, resembling a cross section of cauliflower. It couldnt be determined if it contained the small intestines but it was visible to note that they were beige in color and looked like a pile of worms stuck together. ESOPHAGI: Pinkish in color, thin tissue-like structure that was cited around the tracheal area and descended to the area of the stomach. GREAT MOMENTUM: Beige in color, looked like actual kidney beans, quite hard and slippery. The left kidney appeared to be attached to the posterior wall, while the right kidney was not as close to the all as the left.

buy custom Globalization Effects in the Business World essay

buy custom Globalization Effects in the Business World essay Globalization has brought significant impact in many areas of the peoples lives. The most affected seems to be the business world. Since businesses play one of the major roles in the growth of an economy, businesses going global have a major role in the economy growth experienced in some of the countries classified as third world countries. The project proposal evaluates the effects of globalization in the businesses in relation to the factors of production profiling the communication industry. Discussion The communication has gone through drastic change in the past decade. With the growth of mobile use, smart phones, computers and other communication devices, it is significant to evaluate whether globalization has made positive or negative changes, and which markets have been affected the most. My main focus has also been driven to this industry as it has been evident that this industry has really grown in the past decade or so. The interesting thing is that its growth is not consistent all over the world and as a result, it continues to impact other markets worldwide. By analyzing the impact of globalization in the communication industry, one will be able to understand the most affected areas within the industry. For example, has globalization made a positive impact more in the developed countries market or in the developing countries? Which products are the best to invest in within the same industry when thinking global? What factors of production are affecting the communication industry? These are some of the questions that can be answered when one analyzes the impact of globalization in the in the businesses in the communication industry (Hannon, 2011). Whether positive or negative, the impact of globalization in the communication industry has been of significance and should continued being monitored as it predicts where this industry will be in the next decade. When the factors of production in the communication industries are evaluated, it is easy to identify those areas that can bring to the companies thus growing globally. Additionally, an analysis can give the remedies to the weaknesses of the businesses in the communication industry at a global level. The development of this industry will lead to the development of other dependant industries thus make the much needed improvement in the global economy. It up to the countries and the organizations dealing in global trade and commerce to make sure that factors of production are not affected. For instance, labor as one of the factors of production should be equal in all the countries for those companies that have global so that it is not affected. In addition, prices as another factor of production need to be set by the free market. This is to reduce monopolization by other companies globally. Lastly, the capital generated should b utilized back put back to the economy especially in the third world countries so that they can improve global economy. Goyal (2006) states that globalization has immensely reduced the poverty level in some developing countries such as China and India, just to mention but a few. This is because it has increase employment as one factor of production. With this kind of change, the communication industry has not been left behind. The increase in the use and the production of mobile phones in china due to the world demand has immensely contributed to the countrys growth. As Goyal explores on the impact of globalization in these developing countries, it is evident that one of the main concerns in the globalization of this industry is the degradation of the products being sold in the market (Bozyk, 2007). Kose et al (2003) explains the impact of factor of production in globalization on the business cycles. As their research proves, factors of production in globalization have increased the synchronization of the business cycles. The coordination of business cycles and events are more improved now than it was a decade and a half or so ago. With the communication industry in question, synchronization of all the businesses related to this industry has greatly improved. The mobile businesses have to work in coordination with the communication businesses and the computer industries in order to bring forth products that will be of significance in the market. Ball (2006) and Kercher (2007) have tackled the responsibilities and the challenges faced by the corporate as a result of globalization. It is significant to note that the international companies in the communication industries are no longer limited to having a social responsibility to their own countries but also on the international community as well. This one of the reasons why companies like Motorola, Samsung, and other countries dealing with any kinds of products used to communicate have played a role in the social development of the third world countries. In addition, these companies have increased their production since they have gone global therefore; they need to increase their global social corporation. The factors of production are a bit tricky because it is not all the countries that they are able to work well. For example, there are some countries where there is no conducive environment to conduct business. This is because there might be civil wars or other risks making it difficult for the companies (Thornley, Jefferys Appay, 2010). Therefore, factors like labor and production might be extremely making the company to fall down. For this fact, the management of the different companies needs to be extremely cautious when they want to take the company global. Apart from the literature research concerning these two markets, constant follow up on the markets will be done in order to get a real life scenario, which will give us more solid results. It is significant to note that the countries are from two different continents and that their population is quite different (Mann, 2011). However, the main aim is to get the general impact of globalization on these two countries without putting so much emphasis on the population and the region. Communication is of significance to both countries and so the results will show, which country is experiencing more effects as compared to the other. By way of speculation, globalization has had more positive impact on the developing countries (India) than the developed countries (Goyal, 2007). The developed countries face more challenges as far as the communication industry and globalization are concerned. However, it can be speculated that both markets are at advantage. Foreign countries have invested in the developing countries such as India due to the large population thus the availability of a market. On the other hand, developing countries such as India are able to export goods that are cheaper to countries such as U.S., thus creating an exporting market (Schifferes, 2007). Apart from the production of communication goods, outsourcing has been on of the main advantages of the developed countries from the developing countries (Ball, 2006). This is evident in such services as customer care where communication services outsource customer care services from countries like India. This is because the labor is cheaper and the non-employed people are many. Consequently, the Indians get employment opportunities. The main challenge experienced by a country like U.S. is the presence of counterfeit goods in the market (Ball, 2006). This includes mobile phones and other communication devices. This end up degrading the market that takes time to rebuild. On the other hand, the developing countries are vulnerable to exploitation. The communication companies outsourcing human resource from a country like India save millions of dollars as the labor is much cheaper and these companies do not have to pay for medical insurances and other employee benefits required by the American law. Conclusion It is enough that globalization has become a key success to many countries especially of the third world. This is because of the increase in the factors of production. For instance, capital has been made available by foreign investors to those developing countries that have not been able to provide capital. Additionally, labor has been improved in areas where there has not been any. Prices of commodities have been revised to suit the customer needs since companies have gone global. Productivity has increase tremendously since things are produced on a global perspective. Lastly, placement that is where the goods are to be sold or the place has increase since there is global market. Buy custom Globalization Effects in the Business World essay

Wildlife of the Great Lakes

Wildlife of the Great Lakes The Great Lakes are a chain of five large, freshwater lakes that are located in central North America, astride the border of Canada and the United States. The Great Lakes include Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Superior and together form  the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth. They are contained within the Great Lakes watershed, a region whose waters discharge into the Saint Lawrence River and, ultimately, the Atlantic Ocean. The Great Lakes cover a total surface area of 95,000 square miles and hold about 5,500 cubic miles of water (approximately 20% of all the worlds fresh water and more than 80% of the fresh water of North America). There are more than 10,000 miles of shoreline that frame the Great Lakes and from west to east, the lakes span more than 750 miles. The Great Lakes formed during the Pleistocene Epoch as the result of the repeated glaciation of the region during the Ice Ages. Glaciers advanced and retreated time and again, gradually carving deep depressions in the Great Lakes River Basin. When the glaciers receded at the end of the last glacial period about 15,000 years ago, the Great Lakes filled with water left behind by the melting ice. The Great Lakes and their surrounding lands encompass  a wide variety of freshwater and terrestrial habitats including coniferous and hardwood forests, freshwater marshes, freshwater wetlands, dunes, grasslands, and prairies.  The Great Lakes region supports a diverse fauna  that includes numerous species of mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and fishes. There are more than 250 species of fishes found in the Great Lakes including Atlantic salmon, bluegill, brook trout, Chinook salmon, Coho salmon, freshwater drum, lake sturgeon, lake trout, lake whitefish, northern pike, rock bass, walleye, white perch, yellow perch, and many others. Native mammals include the black bear, fox, elk, white-tailed deer, moose, beaver, river otter, coyote, gray wolf, Canada lynx, and many others. Bird species native to the Great Lakes include herring gulls, whooping cranes, snowy owls, wood ducks, great blue herons, bald eagles, piping plovers, and much more. The Great Lakes have suffered greatly the effects of introduced (non-native) species during the past two hundred years. Non-native animal species such as zebra mussels, quagga mussels, sea lampreys, alewives, Asian carps, and many others have greatly altered the Great Lakes ecosystem. The most recent non-native animal to have been recorded in the Great Lakes is the spiny water flea, a crustacean native to the seas of the Middle East that are now quickly populating Lake Ontario. Introduced species compete with native species for food and habitat and can also More than 180 non-native species have entered the Great Lakes since the latter part of the 19th century. Many of the introduced species have been transported into the Great Lakes in the ballast water of ships, but other species such as the Asian carp, have invaded the lakes by swimming through the man-made channels and locks that now connect the Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. Key Characteristics The following are the key characteristics of the Great Lakes: the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earthaccount for 20% of all the worlds fresh wateraccount for more than 80% of the fresh water of North Americaintroduced species have greatly altered the Great Lakes ecosystemsupports more than 3,500 species of plants and animals Animals of the Great Lakes Some of the animals that inhabit the Great Lakes include: Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) - The lake whitefish is a species of freshwater fish that belongs to the salmon family. Lake whitefish are found in all of the Great Lakes and are a valuable commercial species. Lake whitefish feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates such as snails, clams, and the aquatic larvae of insects.Walleye (Sander vitreous) - The walleye is  a large freshwater fish native to the Great Lakes as well as most parts of Canada and the northern United States. Walleye are much recognized as icons of the places they inhabit- they are the state fish of Minnesota and South Dakota and they are the official fish of Saskatchewan.Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) - The yellow perch is a species of perch whose range includes the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. Adult yellow perch feed on aquatic insect larvae, crustaceans, mysid shrimp, fish eggs, and small fish.Great blue heron (Ardea Herodias) - The great blue heron is a large wading bird common to freshwater wetland habitats throughout North American, including the Great Lakes. Great blue herons have a long, sharp bill that they use to capture a variety of small prey animals such as fish, crustaceans, insects, rodents, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) - The Canada lynx is a medium-sized cat that inhabits the forests throughout Canada and Alaska. In the Great Lakes region, Canada lynx occurs around Lake Superior and on the northern shores of Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay, a large bay of Lake Huron that lies in Ontario, Canada. Canada lynxes are secretive, nocturnal mammals that feed on snowshoe hares, rodents, and birds.Moose (Alces alces) - The moose is the largest living member of the deer family. Moose inhabit the forests that border the northern shores of the Great Lakes. Moose are herbivores that feed on a variety of herbaceous plants and grasses.Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) - The common snapping turtle is a widespread turtle that inhabits freshwater wetlands east of the Rocky Mountains, including the Great Lakes region. Snapping turtles have a reputation for being quite aggressive.American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) - The American bullfrog is a large frog that occurs in wet lands in the Great Lakes region. American bullfrogs are predators that feed on small mammals, reptiles, and invertebrates. Sources Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. About Our Great Lakes. Published online at https://www.glerl.noaa.gov//pr/ourlakes/intro.htmlHarding JH. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press; 1997. 400 p.Kurta, A. Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. Revised Edition. University of Michigan Press; 1995. 392 p.US Environmental Protection Agency. The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. 2012. Published online at https://www.epa.gov/greatlakesUS Environmental Protection Agency. Great Lakes Invasive Species. Accessed November 22, 2013. Published online at https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes

Development of Catholic Church Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development of Catholic Church - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the development of the Catholic Church, the church fathers, their opponents, and the theological disputes the church fathers faced. The spreading of Christian religion was more successful in urban areas among people of low social class, aristocratic women and slaves. The first Catholic Church was not well organized, thus; they came up with a structured hierarchy where the Bishop had authority over clergy in his city. By the third century, many things had changed, and the Bishop of Rome solved problems that other Bishops could not solve thus acted as a court of appeal. The doctrine of the Catholic Church was refined by the church fathers. Many years later catholic teachings came to be defined by proto-orthodox teachings. Christians faced persecution due to their refusal to give up their God and worship the gods of the other religions. The non Christians and the authorities felt that Christians were threatening their peace and the prosperity of the Roman Empire, by annoying the gods. Christians faced accusation of incest and cannibalism due to their secrecy in their religious practice. Any unusual occurrence in the empire was blamed on the Christians claiming that the gods were angry, and this led to the persecution of more Christians in the Roman Empire. All residents, except the Jews, had to give sacrifices to the gods or risk being persecuted. However, all these events took a turn when Constantine became emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He declared that his victory was attributed to Christianity. He came up with a law that mandated the acceptance of all religions in the Empire. After the Western Roman Empire failure, there were competitions between the Catholic Church and Arianism to convert the Barbarian tribes. In the late 15th century explorers and the European missionaries spread Catholicism in America, Asia and Africa. The Catholic Church had Church fathers. Church fathers were early eminent Christian teachers, bishops and infl uential theologians. The church fathers faced a number of theological disputes. For, example, Jesus Christ in the Eucharist was a sign of contradiction to the early church fathers. Some people did not believe that the Eucharist was a representation of the body of Christ or the symbolic memorial of Christ’s death. The cross was also a point of dispute. It is believed that Jesus Christ died for man’s sin, yet the Catholics believe that we should obey God, love others and go through suffering and pain. This is a contradiction since Jesus suffered on the cross for man’s sins. Human embryo is also another contradiction. This was seen as a sign of dispute the church fathers engaged in because it is believed that, the embryo is already a human being and that human beings were created in the God’s likeness (Edward 23). Augustine of Hippo was a bishop of Regius. He believed that Christ’s grace is indispensable to the freedom of human Augustine was converted to Christianity after hearing the story of Placianus. This story inspired him and led to his conversion to Christianity. He gave up his social life and dedicated his life to serving God and practiced priesthood, including celibacy. According to him, his conversion was prompted by a voice he heard that was child like telling him, â€Å"tolle, lege† (â€Å"take up and read†). Augustine considered the fact that people believed the soul originated from God as

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 107

Discussion - Assignment Example In the year 2013, Target Company’s data were hacked in its stores. This presented serious threats to the credit and debit cards of approximately 40 million customers. This follows the introduction of malware to the POS system in the stores (Cheng, 1). In the year 2014 on January 10, the Target Company admitted that approximately 70 million of its customers faced serious security issues. This is because their personal information were stolen following the security breach. This resulted to several losses to the company. In addition, the security breach at Target Company eroded the company’s good reputation. It is estimated that in 2013, the security breach cost the shareholders at the Target Company approximately $148 million (Cheng, 2). From the above incidences, there were several lessons learnt by prospective business persons, including the Target Company that was the victim. It is evident that every operating business premises should have secure data systems. The data should be protected in such a way that hackers cannot easily access them in order to avoid the losses incurred, as well as the negative consequences associated with security breaches. In conclusion, data or security breach is a serious issue to most companies as well as agencies. Data security breaches always paralyze several operations within the companies. In addition, they always result to huge losses and compromise on the reputation of the companies. Cheng, Andria. Target data breach has lingering effect on customer service, reputation scores. Retrieved on 10th June 2014 from

The Neoclassical Axioms Placed On Individual Preferences Economics Essay

The Neoclassical Axioms Placed On Individual Preferences Economics Essay Critical Analysis of the Neo Classical consumption theories of Marshallian Utility analysis and Hicksian Indifference analysis. In place of the concept of utility by Alfred Marshall, the indifference curve technique has introduced the term preferences; instead of the cardinal number system, which is said to measure the strength of a consumers desire, the indifference curve substituted ordinal number system of first, second, third etc., to indicate the consumers scale of preferences. The concept of marginal utility has been replaced by the marginal rate of substitution. And against the Marshallian proportionality rule to describe the consumers equilibrium, indifference curve technique has advanced the equality between the marginal rate of substitution and the price ratio. Unrealistic The Marshallian assumption of cardinal measurement of utility is very restrictive. It demands too much from the human mind. Utility is a mental phenomenon and the precision in the measurement of utility assumed by Marshall is unrealistic. It is criticised that new theory of indifference analysis only jumps from the frying pan of the difficulty of measuring utility into the fire of the unreality of assuming consumers complete knowledge of all his scales of preferences or indifference map. The indifference curve technique envisages a consumer who thinks of innumerable possible combinations of goods and his relative preferences for them. Absurd Indifference curves include even the most ridiculous combinations which may be far removed from a consumers habitual combinations. For example, while it may be perfectly sensible to compare whether three pairs of shoes and six shirts would give him as much satisfaction as two pairs of shoes and seven shirts Introspective Both the approaches of Marshallian Utility analysis and indiffence curve technique are based on the psychological or introspective method. The law of diminishing marginal utility, which is psychological in nature lies at the bottom of law of demand. Indifference curve too is based on introspection. This technique is criticised as introspective and hence Samuelson introduced behaviourist method of devising demand theory. Relation of Transitivity objected Armstrong has criticised the relation of transitivity involved in indifference curve technique. According to him, the consumers indifference arises from his inability to perceive the difference between alternative combinations of goods. This is due to the fact that the difference is too slight to be noticed. If that is true, the relation of indifference become non-trasitive. This knocks the bottom out of the whole system of indifference curve analysis. Limited empirical Nature In Hicks-Allen theory, indifference curves are based on hypothetical experimentation. They are based on imaginary indifference curves, although attempts have been made recently to derive them experimentally. The theory of Revealed Preference is associated with the name of Paul Samuelson and the theory is called the behaviourist ordinal utility theory. Instead of the unrealistic assumptions that the consumers operate with a complete and consistent scales of preferences set out in the form of indifference curves, most economists now prefer to analyse situations in which their hypothesis can be tested. Both Marshallian utility analysis and Allen-Hicksian indifference curve technique apply the introspective method or the subjective method. But Samuelsons revealed preference theory makes use of hypotheses which are observable and testable. There is thus a shift from the psychological to behaviouristic explanation of consumer behaviour. According to the revealed preference theory, the consumer is supposed to reveal the nature of his preferences. He shows the goods he would prefer to purchase in a given situation even though he may not be able co to show his scale of preferences on an indifference map. Thus, in a theory of revealed preference, it is unnecessary to assume that the consumers can describe their preferences on indifference map. This is the most important merit of the revealed theory. Also, as Sir Johns Hicks observes, revealed preference theory lends itself to use by econometricians. Axioms of Revealed Preferences Rationality It is assumed that the consumer is rational or ideal. That is, the consumer seeks to maximise his satisfaction from the resources he has. He will choose a combination of goods which he seems most satisfying.i.e., which he prefers the most. In one set of market conditions, he selects one combination and his choices will be different under different market situations. Consistency It is also assumed that the consumers choices are consistent. The choices of actual consumers may not be consistent but those of the ideal or rational consumer may be supposed to be consistent. This consistency implies means, for instance, that if a particular combination of goods P is better than Q combination and Q is better than R, then P must also be assumed to better than R. Transitivity Transitivity ensures that there should be no such circular relationship. That is if P is better than Q and Q is better than R, then R will never better than P or Q will never better than P. Positive Income Elasticity of Demand Another very important assumption underlying revealed preference theory is that the income-elasticity of demand of the consumer must always be positive. That is, if his income increases, his demand for the commodity must also increase; it should not remain the same (i.e., zero elasticity) and it should not also decrease (i.e., negative elasticity) as it happens in the case of inferior goods. Strong Ordering A distinguishing feature of Samuelsons revealed preference theory is that of Strong Ordering. In a strong ordering, each item in a consumers scheme of purchases is assigned a definite place or number and at each number there is only one item so that the consumer definitely reveals his preferences. For instance, a consumer reveals his preference when he is observed to choose, say Q combination of goods in preference to all others and he rejects the rest, In other words, choice reveals preference by choosing one combination and rejecting others, the consumer has shown his definite preference. As indifference advocates in Weak Ordering there may be some items which cannot be arranged in order or preference, so that the consumer is unable to indicate which items he prefers to which. As the combinations of goods on the same indifference curve are concerned because they represent the same level of satisfaction. Since they are equally satisfactory, the consumer can not reveal his preference. The conventional indifference curve is an illustration of weak ordering because all points on the same indifference curve are equally prefereed to represent a non-ordered group. The assumption under lying the indifference curve technique, viz., that a consumer is capable of ordering all conveivable alternatives indicated by several points on the indifference curve, appeared obviously to be unrealistic. Samuelson, therefore, rules out the possibility of weak ordering. By revealing the preference, the behaviour of the consumer is reflected. That is how the revealed preference theory derives a demand theorem from the actual observed behaviour of the consumer. The axiom of strong ordering provides the necessary operational link between observed choice behaviour and the behaviourists welfare conclusions. Thus, the relation of indifference is rejected on operational grounds. Demand Theorem By revealed preference hypothesis, Samuelson has tried to demonstrate inverse relationship between price and the amount demanded by assuming income elasticity of demand to be positive. Samuelson state the demand theorem under the title Fundamental Theorem of Consumption Theory as any good (simple or composite) that is known always to increase in demand when income alone rises must definitely shrink in demand when its proce alone rises. In this proposition, income elasticity of demand has been assumed to be positive. This theorem can be illustrated by the following diagram. In this diagram consumers income in terms of good X is shown by OB and in terms of good Y by OA. If he spends his entire income on these two goods X and Y, AB is the price line. It is assumed that the consumer choose the combination represented by Q on the price line AB as giving him the maximum satisfaction. If the price of X rises, then the new price line will be AC by contracting the demand of X from OB to OC. In this situation, Q which put the consumer in equilibrium before, becomes now beyond his reach. In order to achieve the same combination of Q, consumer is compensated with an extra income to overcome the higher price resistance and new Price line DE parallel to AC but passing through Q is drawn. CE amount money is needed to attain this new price line and this extra money is called as Over Compensation Effect by Samuelson. Since Q combination becomes available, he will not choose any combination lower than Q (i.e., QE part of DE) If he selects Q, it means that he selects the same amount the goods X and Y as before. If he chooses any combination above Q on QD portion of DE, it means that he selects less amount of good X and more amount of good Y. This shows the substitution effect of the price rise. Merits of Revealed Preference Theory There is no doubt that it is an improvement on the Marshallian utility analysis and Hicks-Allen indifference curve technique. It is behaviouristic and draws the demand theorem from the actually observed behaviour of the consumer. On the other hand, both Marshallian Utility analysis and the Hicks-Allen indifference curve techniques are introspective and give psychological explanation of consumer theory. The revealed preference theory studies not an ideal or imaginary consumer and hence, it is more scientific and realistic. Behaviourism has the great advantage of treating the things based on observation and it will never be wrong. Revealed Preference analysis steers clear if tge dubious assumptions upon which the earlier theories were based. Both Marshallian Utility analysis and indifference technique were based on the utility maximisation principle which is more restrictive and difficult to be realised. On the other hand, Revealed Preference theory steers clear of the utility maximisation principle and uses instead the consistency principle to derive the demand theorem. Consistency axiom is less restrictive and more realistic. Indifference analysis is based on the assumption of continuity while Revealed Preference theory does not assume continuity. Indifference curve is continous in the sense that it depicts all conveivable combinations some of which may be so unrealistic as to be ridiculous. That is why Prof. Samuelson gave up the assumption of continuity. Although price line is drawn continuously, yet no continuity is actually involved because the theory is based on the actually observed choice of the consumer from among such combinations as are actually available in the given price-income situation. Conclusion `1` With all the flaws in the revealed preference theory, it is to be admitted that this theory is superior to other demand theories in that it applies a scientific and behaviouristic method to consumers demand. By waving out the assumption of continuity and utility maximisation, the consumer theory put forward by Samuelson has become less restrictive and his enunciation of the preference hypothesis makes a valuable contribution.

International Relations Glossary

A form of political organization under which a relatively homogeneous people Inhabits a sovereign state Sovereignty Denotes a single, supreme political decision-making authority. In early modern Europe the Monarch was the Sovereign. In modern states sovereignty tends to lie with the executive arm of government. A controversial term, sovereignty relies on authority, not power. That is, the sovereign claims the right or authority to decide matters of interest to the state, even if it cannot control everything that occurs within its territory. MedievalOf or relating to the period of European history from about A. D. 500 to about 1500. Feudalism Feudalism was the medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state. Feudal society is a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief (medieval beneficial), a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service. The individual who accepted this land became a vassal, and the man who gr anted the land become known as his liege or his lord. Individualism A social theory advocating the liberty, rights or Independent action of the Individual.Liberalism A political theory that prizes Individual freedom. It believes Individuals should be free to do as they please, without the interference of others. So long as they don not harm or limit the freedom of others. In IR it has tended to focus on the development of international law, the spread of democracy and the expansion of free trade, in which Emmanuel Kant is one of the leading theorists. Communitarian's A political theory that emphasizes individuals' attachments to the community in which they grew up.The communities in which we grow up are thought to be the resource of moral values. Communitarian's adopts the ethical position that a person's moral obligations are always first and foremost members of our own community and that they cannot be extended beyond that communities boundaries. Liberal Internationalism Woodrow W ilson, thus sometimes being referred to as Williamson'. Wilson suggested that the cause of instability and conflict was the â€Å"undemocratic nature of international politics†, particularly in regards to foreign policy and the balance of power.Having identified the cause of conflict, it is possible to suggest that the aims of Iberia internationalism are expanding democratic practices and free trade, defending democracy from its rivals while protecting and promoting human rights. Harmony of interests The idealist concept of the harmony of interests is based on the notion that human beings can rationally recognize that they have some interests in common, and that cooperation is therefore possible. Democratic Peace Theory The theory that democratic states do not fight war against each other.A good amount of empirical evidence has been collected indicating that war has never been fought teen two stable democracies. Closely associated with Michael Doyle. International Institution s International institutions be defined as relatively stable sets of related constitutive, regulative, and procedural norms and rules that pertain to the international system, the actors in the system (including states as well as non-state entities), and their activities. Interdependence The mutual dependence developed among states by utilizing new technologies and through the growth of international cross-border commerce. Communication and travel.A term used before globalization became popular. Anarchy The absence of rule or government. In international relations it does not mean disorder and chaos. Power Classically defined as the ability to get an actor to do what they would otherwise not do. This is power in the sense of domination or power over others. But power can also be thought of in terms of capability or power to do or act. Realist theories hold the belief that international relations are a constant struggle for power, usually defined by material terms. National Interest A notoriously plastic term that refers to the states foreign policy aims.The national interest is said to be the same regardless of the government in power, but different governments will hold different ideological agendas and priorities, meaning that national interest will change accordingly. Refers to a mechanism that operates to prevent one state from achieving such a preponderance of power that it is in a position to lay down and enforce the law over all such others. Central to realist theories, it can be viewed as the deliberate product of foreign policies, or as the unintended consequence of several states seeking to protect themselves.In any case, states align with others to counter-balance the growth in another's power, seeking to preserve international order and a degree of equilibrium. International Community vs. international system An international system exists when two or more states have sufficient contact with each other that they become conscious of existing in the same environment and conscious of the need to consider other states interests and capabilities in the pursuit of their own interests.Globalization The stretching and intensification of social and economic relations across the globe dad possible by new communication and computer technologies and advances in transport. It is thought by many to inaugurate an unprecedented degree of global interconnectedness, although some deny its novelty by pointing to similar levels of interdependence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Still others criticism globalization for being a vehicle of inalienable theory. Non-state Actor An actor not part of the official state or governmental apparatuses.Non-governmental organizations Specializes not-for-profit non-state actors that seek to raise consciousness and hanged the activities of governments and populations on a variety of issues. Nooks have proliferated over the last century, advocating and lobbying on issues such as human rights, landmines, poverty, animal rights and the environment, among many others. Civil Society Simply refers to those who act in international politics but are not a member or representative of any particular state. Social Movements. Denotes some kind of collective action, driven by a particular set of social concerns and emerging from society at large.Modernity A modern way of thinking, working etc. The schism between domestic and international politics in international relations. The clash of civilizations The cause of conflict in the 21st century will not be political or economic, but cultural. Different cultures have different ways of organizing society and this will be the cause of conflict. He cites Western, Slavic Orthodox, Hindu, Islamic, Japanese, Latin America, African and Confucian as the main civilizations. Cosmopolitan Democracy Cosmopolitan democracy is a political theory which explores the application of norms and values of democracy at different levels, from global to local .It is about what global governance of the people, by the people, for the people can mean. Asian Century The dominant role that could be played by Asia in the 21st century, because of its growing economic clout and global demographic trends. â€Å"Asian Century† as a theme, has gained credence following the rapid economic growth of China and India since the asses, which has propelled them to the top ranks of the world's biggest economies Mercantilism The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation uncovering all of the nation's commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. North-south gap The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. Generally, definitions of the Global North include the United States, Canada, developed parts of Europe, and Ea st Asia. The Global South is made up of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East.Unilateralism An approach to economics and social studies in which control of economic factors is hefted from the public sector to the private sector. Drawing upon principles of neoclassical economics, unilateralism suggests that governments reduce deficit spending, limit subsidies, reform tax law to broaden the tax base, remove fixed exchange rates, open up markets to trade by limiting protectionism, privative state- run businesses, allow private property and back deregulation.Focuses on the interplay between political power and economic forces from the national through to the international and global level, whilst also taking account Based on liberal theories of economics, 1944 saw the meeting of 44 states at Breton Woods, where the new economic order was constructed and the multilateral institutions of the WEB, MIFF and GAIT were established.Hegemony Domination by a great power and its allies Washington Consensus This is the set of 10 policies that the US government and the international financial institutions based in the US capital believed were necessary elements of â€Å"first stage policy reform† that all countries should adopt to increase economic growth. At its heart is an emphasis on the importance of macroeconomic stability and integration onto the international economy – in other words a neo-liberal view of globalization.Rationalization The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. One of the more obvious examples of rationalization is the division of a nation into states or provinces. 1951 Refugee Convention The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, their rights and the legal obligations of states. UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document that states Asia rights and f undamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled.Negative Rights and Positive Rights Positive Rights are rights that can only be enjoyed through positive intervention on the part of government, often linked to the idea of freedom to', whilst negative rights are rights that are enjoyed by virtue of the inactivity of others, particularly government, and are often seen as freedoms from'. Resurrections The application of values and theories drawn from European culture, to other groups or peoples, implying a biased or distorted viewpoint.

Walt Whitman and the Civil War

The poet Walt Whitman wrote about the Civil War extensively.  His heartfelt observation of life in wartime Washington made its way into poems, and he also wrote articles for newspapers and a number of notebook entries only published decades later. He had worked for years as a journalist, yet Whitman did not cover  the conflict as a regular newspaper correspondent. His role as an eyewitness to the conflict was unplanned. When a newspaper casualty list indicated that his brother serving in a New York regiment had been wounded in late 1862, Whitman traveled to Virginia to find him. Whitmans brother George had only been slightly wounded. But the experience of seeing army hospitals made a deep impression, and Whitman felt compelled to move from Brooklyn to Washington to become involved with the Union war effort as a hospital volunteer. After securing a job as a government clerk, Whitman spent his off-duty hours visiting hospital wards filled with soldiers, comforting the wounded and the sick. In Washington, Whitman was also perfectly positioned to observe the workings of the government, movements of troops, and the daily comings and goings of a man he greatly admired, President Abraham Lincoln. At times Whitman would contribute articles to newspapers, such as a detailed report of the scene at Lincoln’s second inaugural address. But Whitman’s experience as a witness to the war was mostly important as an inspiration for poetry. A collection of poems titled Drum Taps, was published after the war as a book. The poems contained in it ultimately appeared as an appendix to later editions of Whitmans masterpiece, Leaves of Grass. Family Ties to the War During the 1840s and 1850s, Whitman had been following politics in America closely. Working as a journalist in New York City, he no doubt followed the national debate over the greatest issue of the time, slavery. Whitman became a supporter of Lincoln during the 1860 presidential campaign. He also saw Lincoln speak from a hotel window in early 1861, when the president-elect passed through New York City on the way to his first inauguration. When Fort Sumter was attacked in April 1861 Whitman was outraged. In 1861, when Lincoln called for volunteers to defend the Union, Whitman’s brother George enlisted in the 51st New York Volunteer Infantry. He would serve for the entire war, eventually earning an officer’s rank, and would fight at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and other battles. Following the slaughter at Fredericksburg, Walt Whitman was reading casualty reports in the New York Tribune and saw what he believed to be a misspelled rendering of his brother’s name. Fearing that George had been wounded, Whitman traveled southward to Washington. Unable to find his brother at military hospitals where he inquired, he traveled to the front in Virginia, where he discovered that George had only been very slightly wounded. While at Falmouth, Virginia, Walt Whitman saw a horrifying sight beside a field hospital, a pile of amputated limbs. He came to empathize with the intense suffering of wounded soldiers, and during two weeks in December 1862, he spent visiting his brother he resolved to begin helping in military hospitals. Work as a Civil War Nurse Wartime Washington contained a number of military hospitals which took in thousands of wounded and ill soldiers. Whitman moved to the city in early 1863, taking a job as a government clerk. He began making the rounds in hospitals, consoling the patients and distributing writing paper, newspapers, and treats such as fruits and candy. From 1863 to the spring of 1865 Whitman spent time with hundreds, if not thousands, of soldiers. He helped them write letters home. And he wrote many letters to his friends and relatives about his experiences. Whitman later said that being around the suffering soldiers had been beneficial to him, as it somehow restored his own faith in humanity. Many of the ideas in his poetry, about the nobility of common people, and the democratic ideals of America, he saw reflected in the wounded soldiers who had been farmers and factory workers. Mentions in Poetry The poetry Whitman wrote had always been inspired by the changing world around him, and so his eyewitness experience of the Civil War naturally began to infuse new poems. Before the war, he had issued three editions of Leaves of Grass. But he saw fit to issue an entirely new book of poems, which he called Drum Taps. The printing of Drum Taps began in New York City in the spring of 1865, as the war was winding down. But then the assassination  of Abraham Lincoln prompted Whitman to postpone publication so he could include material about Lincoln and his passing. In the summer of 1865, after the war’s end, he wrote two poems inspired by Lincoln’s death, â€Å"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d† and â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† Both poems were included in Drum Taps, which was published in the fall of 1865. The entirety of Drum Taps was added to later editions of Leaves of Grass.

Movie Analysis Penanggal Is A Malaysian Horror Film...

Penanggal is a Malaysian horror film about a girl, Murni, who is transferred the power of the penanggal by her grandmother moments before the grandmother is killed by the village for eating newborn babies. Murni becomes a penanggal against her will regularly and kills women and newborn babies. She also uses magic to make a man fall in love with her and spits acidic blood on his beautiful fiancà ©e when she comes to save him. In the end, the villagers kill Murni by setting her house on fire with her inside, as they did to her grandmother in the beginning. Cultural context: The film I selected was made in Malaysia and released there in 2013. According to the CIA’s World Factbook, 23.2% of Malaysia’s land is agricultural and another 62% is forest5. Only an estimated 5% of Malaysia’s cropland is actually irrigated6, meaning that the other 95% is tended by hand. 16% of Malaysians today are still employed in agriculture16. Malaysia’s culture focuses heavily on agriculture, much like the traditional Slavic culture. There are several kinds of vampire myths that can be found in Southeast Asia1 with a few being Malaysian – the penanggal, Maneden, Bajang, a polong/pelesit, and the langsuir2. In appearance, a penanggal is a floating woman s head with entrails dangling beneath. Unlike the Slavic vampires who can be men or women, penanggalan are exclusively young or old beautiful women3. The intestines dangling below her head drip a liquid that causes sores when it makes contact with